History of Entertainment Magazines

History of the Genre
- Entertainment Magazines began to emerge in the early 20th century and are still a popular read today as television, film and music is a very important aspect of many people's lives. An earlier magazine in the Entertainment genre which presented its audience with information on film was the magazine, The Cinematography and Bioscope Magazine , which emerged in the 1900s. It discussed issues and developments within the film industry, it also included film reviews such as, Dick Turpin's Last Ride to York, this is similar to the content of modern day EMs such as Entertainment Weekly or Total Film.
- Conventions of Entertainment Magazines have stayed the same in some aspects of the magazines. For example in the 20th century magazines such as The Cinematography, presents film reviews and information on upcoming films and television, this is similar to magazines of the 21st century such as Total Film. But some Entertainment Magazines contain features which were not present before, for example interviews with celebrities. Entertainment Magazines which contain celebrity gossip emerged later in the period, the 21st century, e.g 1999, Heat Magazine. In which conventions such as a cluttered, bright cover including large or lots of paparazzi photos of well known celebrities and including lots of articles inside about relationship issues or exclusive information on celebrities, are still found today in gossip magazines.
- Social context influences the way magazines are produced, an Entertainment magazine may have more diverse content as a result of being published in the 21st century, for example instead of the actors presented in the magazine being largely white middle class men and women, a wider range of races and sexualities will be present in the magazine as a result of a larger diversity of actors being cast in films today. The magazines may have more freedom to produce articles on different topics which may not have been spoken of in the early 20th century magazines, as a result of society being accepting of more ideas and opinions. Also more daring and unusual clothing may be presented in the magazines as a result of changes in cultural norms and trends in society, since when these magazines began to produce issues.
- In 1907 Entertainment Magazine, The Kinematograph and Lantern Weekly, emerged. It focussed on business developments in the world of cinema and short reviews on film features.
- These trade papers were originally printed by the company, Variety, in 1905. It used lots of unique words in their magazine articles which are used by journalists today.
- Picturegoer, ran between 1913 and 1960, so no longer exists today, including articles exciting and interesting to their audience, for example 'How to get a job in Hollywood?' This is so the reader who is interested in getting into acting can find out more about how to become a success like their favourite film stars of the 20th century.
- Empire Magazine emerged in 1989 and is still running today, it gives its target audience film facts and insights into the lives of a film star, reviews of upcoming films.
- Hotdog Magazine ran from 2000-2006, so no longer exists today, which had similar content to Total Film. It had a quirky sense, for example it introduced an idea called 'Movie Maths' which is unique to the magazine itself and may never been seen before in a magazine of the genre.

- Gossip Magazines which are under the genre of Entertainment emerged in the 20-21st century. For example, Heat Magazine which was launched in February 1999, it is aimed at women and aims to give its readers the latest celebrity gossip and information. This magazine was published by the conglomerate, Bauer Media Group.
- Another example of a Gossip Entertainment magazine is OK! Magazine, which was launched in April 1993, but became a weekly magazine in October 2006. The magazine still runs successfully today, targeting an audience interested in celebrity gossip and culture. In February 2018 Trinity Mirror bought Northern and Shell which owned OK! for 184 million pounds. The company Trinity Mirror, has recently been rebranded as Reach PLC, it is known as a result of its regulation of popular newspapers, Daily Mirror, Sunday Mirror and Scottish Sunday Mail.
- The American Magazine, Entertainment Weekly's first issue was published on the 16th of February 1990 by David Morris and is still publishing an issue a week in 2019. It is currently published by Meredith Corporation. It was first created by Jeff Jarvis and founded by Michael Klingensmith, who took the publisher position until October 1996.  In 1996 Entertainment Weekly received the National Magazine Award for General Excellence from the US Society of Magazine Editors. It then amazingly won the same award in 2002. In June 2019 it released an announcement, it would become a monthly issue model.
- Empire Magazine released its first issue in July 1989, it is a British Magazine and is currently published by Bauer Media group. It is a monthly released magazine and from its first magazine it was edited by Barry Mcllheney and published by Emap, in which Bauer purchased in 2008. Empire has been organising the yearly Empire Awards since 2009, in which the readers of the magazine can vote for the winners allowing readers direct participation on which films gain the top awards. It is currently edited monthly by Terri White.

Regulation of Magazines in the UK + guidelines to be followed:
- The Press Complaints Commission was the voluntary regulatory body in Britain founded in 1990  until it closed in September 2014 for newspapers and magazines produced. It contained representatives of the major British publishers and was replaced by the Independent Press Standards
Organisation.
- IPSO handle complaints from readers of British magazines about articles, images, videos and the behaviour of journalists. The organisation will then forward on the reader's complaint to the publication to resolve it before they begin their investigation. The complainer will send IPSO a copy of or a link of the article (if there is one) in which they are unhappy with or are offended by. Hopefully as a result of this the person who complained will be satisfied with the outcome. Or the complainer can send IPSO a copy of any letters or emails they have sent to the newspaper or magazine or the magazine company had sent to them.
- Strict guidelines must be followed by magazine companies when producing issues.

Entertainment Magazine Adverts:
- Typically in an Entertainment Magazine a reader may find advertisements for upcoming films in he cinema or on television. For example, in the July 2019 issue of the Empire Magazine, there is an two page spread image from the film to be available in cinemas on July 12th 2019, there is little information on the page about the plot of the film but one of the characters presented who has lots of tattoos is pointing a gun quite firmly towards the bold yellow film title. He seems quite serious as his eyes are harshly pointing towards the nervous looking character stood next to him. These clues presented on the spread may encourage the reader to watch the film on the date presented to them on the film to discover more about it and uncover the context behind the image. A reader may find adverts for connecting media platforms in which Empire own, for example in the July issue there is a page advertising with a bright neon yellow background the 'PILOT TV' podcast in which Empire are associated with, especially as the magazine comes with a smaller Pilot TV magazine inside or in with its shiny packaging.
Also there is an advert for 'The Empire Film Podcast' on a different page of the magazine. This will then alert those who enjoy reading about television and film in Empire Magazine and listening to podcasts may then discover the Pilot or Empire Film podcast in which is 'TV news and reviews' to listen to 'every Monday' in which they may not have been aware of previously, on the theme of one of their favourite magazines to read. Inside Entertainment Magazines, a reader may also find adverts for newly released or to be released books, for example in Empire' July 2019 issue there is page adverts for the books, 'The Girl in Red' and 'Green Valley', which are both different genres meaning these book adverts appeal to those who read different types of literature, helping them to discover books it seems Empire recommend they buy and read.
The reader may also discover a page or double page spread advertising a subscription to the magazine they are currently reading, meaning the reader may consider this as they read on in the issue and the offers the readers could gain if they subscribe to 13 issues for example, meaning it is cheaper than just buying the magazines separately from a newsagents each week or month, it can be delivered easily to their doorstep. Also inside entertainment magazines the reader may find adverts for different institutions and companies. For example, car insurance adverts, to stereo typically appeal to a male audience of car lovers (for example, car insurance with mustard.com as presented in the July 2019 issue ), adverts for universities or to appeal to younger readers in their target audience who may be interested in going to university (e.g University of Lincoln) and visiting their open days. The readers may also find adverts for different film conventions and events in Entertainment magazines, for example for the London Film Fair and London Film and Comic Con, these adverts give information through small photographs on which celebrities they may be able to meet as they are attending the event.

- The strict rules/guidelines a magazine company must follow when publishing issues is:
The Copyright Law gives legal protection to works at the heart of publishing, for example books, magazine articles, blog posts. So copyright prohibits that a magazine company cannot use writings of others protected by copyright without permission of the creator/copyright owner.
So an article writer must make sure all the content in their magazine is written by their own organisation and ideas protected by copyright (e.g ideas already published on the internet or in other written content, images on Google which are from stock agencies), otherwise they will face consequences.
Copyright applies however written content is published, online or in a physical copy. This copyright protected content can only be used by a magazine company if permission is given by the company whom owns the rights to it for them to use their content.
 If the content a magazine company find is from the internet,they must always assume it is protected by the copyright law and permission must be granted to use it. In the US, where Entertainment Weekly and Total Film are produced, a work protected by copyright can be used by the public without a risk of copyright strikes 70 years after the author's death.

- If a magazine company wants to publish their magazine issues digitally to appeal to the digital age they must follow these rules:

  1. Their magazine must be readable as many people reading from a smart phone or tablet will have varying levels of eyesight. If a magazine targets young people, many will have less than 20/20 vision so the magazine company will have to take this into account when creating the size of the magazine text.
  2. The magazine can be interactive to appeal to a target audience of young people who like to get involved in the magazine content. For example, there can be online quizzes in the magazines so readers can see how they do against their fellow readers. Videos can also be added to a digital magazine for the reader to watch as it allows the magazine to quickly get across information to its readers  without reading large articles being necessary, e.g interviews or adverts.
  3. The magazine can also publish little and often to keep their reader engaged, for example

- To place an advert for your company in a magazine, if the magazine is produced in the US, between 500 and 20,000 dollars (around £400-£16,000.) This depends on whether or not the publication is national or local, the size of the advert and whether it covers a whole page. Also it depends on whether or not you use colour and if you have negotiated a multiple-ad rate. Even $500,000 (£400,000) can be spent at most to buy the inside front cover of some national magazines, e.g Vogue. 


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